Institutions, Culture, and Climate Policy: Comparative Lessons from Australia and Norway

Abstract

This paper compares Australia and Norway's approaches to implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13 (“Climate Action”) and 11 (“Sustainable Cities and Communities”), focusing on the interplay between institutional frameworks and cultural factors. Australia's 2022 Climate Change Act establishes national emissions targets but lacks binding enforcement mechanisms and robust intergovernmental coordination. A fragmented governance structure, limited public engagement, and deep political polarisation impede the coherent development of climate and urban sustainability policies. In contrast, Norway has established a legally binding and fiscally integrated system combining a carbon tax regime, the 2018 Climate Act, and robust multi-level governance mechanisms. Broad public consensus and institutionalised participation mechanisms ensure policy continuity and accountability. Drawing on Norway's experience, this paper recommends that Australia strengthen climate and urban sustainability legislation, establish a national SDG coordination mechanism, adopt carbon budgeting and performance assessment systems, and enhance local capacity and citizen engagement. The study concludes that effective SDG implementation depends less on fiscal or technical capacity than on robust legal commitments, co-ordinated governance structures, and alignment with societal values.